21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism Essay

Religious fundamentalism is the belief that social and political life should be organized on the basis of what are seen as essential religious principles that are supported by a belief in the literal truth of scared texts.1 Fascism, on the other hand is a totalitarian ideology that centers itself upon the leader and possesses the ‘anti-factor’ whereby it rejects a whole lot of other ideologies such as liberalism and communism. At first glance, there seems to be not much connection between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism; however a more detailed comparison between the two ideologies will reveal similarities that caused the former to be viewed by some as the â€Å"new fascism† and differences that made this view irrelevant. In the first half of this paper, I am going to compare and contrast the various similarities and differences between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism and then show that to deem religious fundamentalism as a new form of fascism is really unjustified. In the remaining half of the paper, I will make an argument for my belief that 21st century religious fundamentalism should indeed be considered as an ideology and also the basis of its mass appeal. Due to the complexities and varieties of 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century fascism, the similarities and differences listed below can be seen as generalizations and thus proven wrong by certain sects of religious fundamentalism or certain style of fascism. However, this is inevitable as this is the only way to compare the similarities and differences between these two complex ideologies. The first similarity between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism is the emphasis in both ideologies upon charismatic leadership. Many of the fundamentalists believe in the embodiment of ‘truth’ by their leader who will in turn implement it.2 For instance, in the Catholic faith, the pope is seen as the Vicar of Christ and can do no wrong.3 Furthermore, Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder of Islamic Iran was recognized first as Ayatollah (a ‘reflection of Allah’) and then Grand Ayatollah. 4Fascism is based upon the cult of personality built around its leaders and it is effectively crafted to exploit this cult. For instance, Hitler effectively cultivated the Fuhrer cult through Nazi propaganda machine under the expertise of Goebbels and through films such as ‘Triumph of Will’ by Leni Riefenstahl.5 Perhaps fascism’s huge emphasis on charismatic leadership is best embodied by Mussolini’s proclamation, â₠¬Å"Fascism is Mussolinism†¦what would Fascism be, if I had not been?†6 The second similarity between these two ideologies is the intolerance shown by both ideologies upon conflicting elements that goes against their principles. For instance, some sects of religious fundamentalism such as evangelicalism or Islamic fundamentalism exhibits little tolerance for other faiths and in some instances even prosecute and victimize minorities that believes in other faiths in a largely Islamist or Christian country. This intolerance also translates into the belief that religious views can be coercive and religious views ought to have a role in politics thus cementing the power of the religious fundamentalists in their country. This is comparable to the racism and anti-semitism present in European Fascism whereby the proclaimed enemies of the ideologies were shown no mercies and prosecuted and victimized through no faults of their own. The most extreme illustration of this is the holocaust which was brought about systematically by the Nazis. These two similarities certainly contributed to 21st century religious fundamentalism been branded by some as â€Å"the new fascism†. However, the more important contributing factor should be the increasing role that religion is playing in world politics. Judaism has produced its own militant â€Å"nationalist† terrorists; Buddhists show a militant and violent side in their politics in Sri Lanka against Hindu Tamils. 7 A few American evangelists have engaged in murder and violence on the abortion issue.8 Islam-inspired terrorism also received much publicity especially after the 911 attack. Furthermore, religious fundamentalists have tried their best to exert their influence through proper channels of government. For instance, American fundamentalists fielded candidates for elections.9 Thus the increasing influence that religious fundamentalists are trying to exert in politics and the adverse violent happenings that they brought in the 21st century doubtlessly brought echoes of the 20th century European Fascism which brought about not only the 2nd World War but also the holocaust. However, to brand 21st century religious fundamentalism as the ‘new fascism’ is not only incorrect but also unjustified. In the following paragraphs, I will proceed to show the differences between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism. 21st century religious fundamentalism does not contain elements of racism, anti-semitism or the belief in the possibility of a master race. It also holds no faith in eugenics. Furthermore, it is also an ideology that does not preach upon imperialism, militarism or world domination. All the above elements are defining attributes of 20th century European Fascism. The mere evidence that religious fundamentalism does not believe in all these attributes made the branding of it as a new form of fascism unjustified. Many religious fundamentalists believe that political power should be subordinated to religious power whereby the Bishop, the Rabbi, or the Ayatollah should be able to make the final decision on social issues.10 The best case scenario for religious fundamentalists would be as in the case of Iran where they actually govern however, compromises are made between religious fundamentalists and secular authorities.11 This belief that political power should be subordinate to religious power is of course the direct opposite of fascism whereby churches (religion) should be subordinate to the state. 21st century religious fundamentalism also possess other aspects in their ideology that is absent in 20th century European Fascism. Some of these attributes are otherworldliness and messianic spirit (where fundamentalists are concerned with the sacred and devote energy only in activities consonant with the words of God), against science (rejecting critical interpretations of the Bible and Darwin’s evolutionary theory), belief in the supernatural, moralism and the subordination of women.12 After showing the differences between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism, I will like to conclude that to brand the former as â€Å"new fascism† is not only unfair but incorrect. Next, this paper shall argue for 21st century religious fundamentalism to be accorded its rightful status as an ideology. Before I start defending my belief that religious fundamentalism is an ideology, I will like to provide the definitions of political theory and political philosophy. This is because of the commonly interchangeable usage of ideology, theory and philosophy and thus a clear distinction between the three terms will be helpful to my argument. Political philosophy is defined as a â€Å"disinterested search for the principles of the good state and the good society.†13 Political theory has been defined as â€Å"disinterested search for knowledge of political and social reality.† 14 Thus many scholars claimed that political philosophy is a normative theory while political theory is an empirical theory.15 Political ideology contains both the normative and empirical propositions.16 Thus, I will now start my argument by looking at the characteristics of an ideology and how religious fundamentalism actually fits these characteristics and rejects any suggestions that religious fundamentalism is only a ‘philosophy’ or a ‘theory’. â€Å"Ideologies arise in conditions of crisis and in sections of society to whom the hitherto prevailing outlook has become unacceptable†17 This accounts for the resurgence of religious fundamentalism in the late 20th to 21st century(similar to how European Fascism evolved) where social problems in western countries such as Britain and America have caused evangelicals to organize pressure groups to petition against abortion laws and other problems such as pornography. This further explains the popularity of political Islam in the Middle East as it is the only other viable solution to the secular ideologies propagated by the West. â€Å"An ideology is more than just ideas; it is also actions based upon those ideas.†18 21st century religious fundamentalism can be seen to fulfill this criterion as many examples show this. One example will be the establishment of Iran as an Islamic state and in its latest issue of Iran daily; Iran reiterated that it will still maintain its fundamentalist ways despite pressures from the United States.19 Another example will be Evangelicals forming pressure groups to translate their ideas into actions. â€Å"Ideology includes both empirical and normative elements-empirical assertions that certain conditions exist, and normative assertions that a certain political order is to be preferred.†20 21st century religious fundamentalism does possess this quality and one instance will be how Islamic fundamentalist view the Israel issue where they see Israel as a western creation due to no fault of their own and sought not to recognize the status quo but to take steps to revise it. Another example will be Islamic fundamentalists’ view of the United States role in the Middle East. â€Å"Ideology tends to be exclusive, absolute, and universal.† 2121st century Religious Fundamentalism contains various different sects, for instance, evangelicalism and Islamic fundamentalism and thus could not lay claim to this criterion. However, there are indeed common attributes within religious fundamentalism such as the inerrancy of the â€Å"Written Word† and the subordination of political power. Furthermore, within the different varieties of religious fundamentalism, one can points out that evangelicalism and Islamic fundamentalism is by itself, exclusive, absolute and universal. Lastly, â€Å"Ideologies seek to elicit a response of commitment and obligation on the part of the adherents.† Again, this criterion is easily satisfied by 21st century religious fundamentalism. This can be seen in the 911 suicide bombing of the twin towers by terrorists inspired by Political Islam. To pursue ‘jihad’, Islamic extremists are willing to give up their lives for a greater good. On a more moderate note, ideologies certainly influence evangelicals who try to fight against social laws that their ideology deem inappropriate. After showing the ability of 21st century religious fundamentalism of fulfilling the various criteria of an ideology, I can safely conclude that 21st century religious fundamentalism is an ideology and not a political philosophy or a political theory. In this last part of the paper, I will provide the basis of its mass appeal. The basis of 21st century religious fundamentalism’s mass appeal must be its political vision of the world and the kind of a new society that it can bring to the world. Faced with social problems such as rising crime rates, teenage pregnancy and abortion rates in the Western countries, evangelical activists draw strength from its ideology and attempt to fight all these social problems through the formation of pressure groups pressuring and cajoling the government to make improvements in all realms of lives, from abolishing abortion to anti-pornography laws to religious education in school. These actions by evangelical activists from their perspective can be seen not only as morally rewarding but also efforts made that adhere to their religious beliefs. Political Islam’s appeal in the Middle East can also be attributed to the erosion of traditional values brought about by modernization.22 Furthermore, complicated by the colonial experience, the failure of secular nationalism, the Israel creation and unhealthy US interferences in the region, political Islam remains a very attractive alternative to western ideas.( the reason been that Islam cover all aspects of lives and offer solutions to just about everything) In conclusion, this paper has shown the similarities and the differences between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism and also argued that to call religious fundamentalism â€Å"new fascism† is not only incorrect but unjustified. This paper has also argued for 21st century religious fundamentalism to be considered as an ideology through the demonstration of it fulfilling the various criteria of an ideology. Lastly, this paper has provided the writer’s perception for the basis of 21st century religious fundamentalism mass appeal. Bibliography Andrew Heywood, â€Å"Politics†, second edition, palgrave foundations, 2002 Aristotle A. Kallis, â€Å"The Fascism Reader†, first edition, Routledge, 2003 Graham E. Fuller, â€Å"The Future of Political Islam†, palgrave, 2003 J. Christopher Soper, â€Å"Evangelical Christianity in the United States and Great Britain†, Macmillian, 1994 Reo M. Christenson, â€Å"Ideologies and modern politics†, first edition, Fletcher and Son Ltd, 1972 Roy C. Macridis and Mark Hulliung, â€Å"Contemporary Political Ideologies, Movements and Regimes†,sixth edition, HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996 http://www.iran-daily.com/1384/2526/html/ Iran Daily Newspaper copyright,2005, 20/03/06 1 Andrew Heywood, â€Å"Politics†, second edition, palgrave foundations, 2002, p. 63 2 Roy C. Macridis and Mark Hulliung, â€Å"Contemporary Political Ideologies, Movements and Regimes†,sixth edition, HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996, p.233 3 Hulluing, p. 233 4 Hulluing, p. 234 5 Aristotle A. Kallis, â€Å"The Fascism Reader†, first edition, Routledge, 2003, p.294 6 Reo M. Christenson, â€Å"Ideologies and modern politics†. first edition, Fletcher and Son Ltd, 1972, p. 60 7 Graham E. Fuller, â€Å"The Future of Political Islam†, palgrave, 2003 p. 78 8 Fuller, p. 78 9 Fuller, p. 78 10 Hulluing, p. 233 11 Hulluing, p. 233 12 Hulluing, p. 233 13 Christenson, p. 7 14 Christenson, p. 7 15 Christenson, p. 8 16 Christenson, p. 8 17 Christenson, p. 9 18 J. Christopher Soper, â€Å"Evangelical Christianity in the United States and Great Britain†,Macmillian,1994, p.26 19 http://www.iran-daily.com/1384/2526/html/ Iran Daily Newspaper copyright,2005, 20/03/06 20 Christenson, p. 11 21 Christenson, p. 11 22 Fuller, p. 68

Detailed procedures and results of the experiment on the determination of the density of kerosene (dpk), petrol (pms), crude oil and soap solution

Density determination by pycnometer is a very precise method. It uses a working liquid with well-known density, such as water. For the purpose of this experiment, distilled water was used. The pycnometer is a glass flask with a close-fitting ground glass stopper with a capillary hole through it. This fine hole releases a spare liquid after closing a top-filled pycnometer and allows for obtaining a given volume of measured and/or working liquid with a high accuracy. The mass density or density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is Ï  (the lower case Greek letter rho). In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is also defined as its weight per unit volume;[1] although, this quantity is more properly called specific weight. Different materials usually have different densities, so density is an important concept regarding buoyancy, purity and packaging. Osmium and iridium are the densest known metal elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure but not the densest materials. Less dense fluids float on more dense fluids if they do not mix. This concept can be extended, with some care, to less dense solids floating on more dense fluids. If the average density (including any air below the waterline) of an object is less than water (1000 kg/m3) it will float in water and if it is more than water's it will sink in water. In some cases density is expressed as the dimensionless quantities specific gravity (SG) or relative density (RD), in which case it is expressed in multiples of the density of some other standard material, usually water or air/gas. (For example, a specific gravity less than one means that the substance floats in water.) The mass density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. (The variance is typically small for solids and liquids and much greater for gasses.) Increasing the pressure on an object decreases the volume of the object and therefore increase its density. Increasing the temperature of a substance (with some exceptions) decreases its density by increasing the volume of that substance. In most materials, heating the bottom of a fluid results in convection of the heat from bottom to top of the fluid due to the decrease of the density of the heated fluid. This causes it to rise relative to more dense unheated material. The reciprocal of the density of a substance is called its specific volume, a representation commonly used in thermodynamics. Density is an intensive property in that increasing the amount of a substance does not increase its density; rather it increases its mass. Changes of density In general, density can be changed by changing either the pressure or the temperature. Increasing the pressure always increases the density of a material. Increasing the temperature generally decreases the density, but there are notable exceptions to this generalization. For example, the density of water increases between its melting point at 0  °C and 4  °C; similar behavior is observed in silicon at low temperatures. The effect of pressure and temperature on the densities of liquids and solids is small. The compressibility for a typical liquid or solid is 10−6 bar−1 (1 bar=0.1 MPa) and a typical thermal expansivity is 10−5 K−1. This roughly translates into needing around ten thousand times atmospheric pressure to reduce the volume of a substance by one percent. (Although the pressures needed may be around a thousand times smaller for sandy soil and some clays.) A one percent expansion of volume typically requires a temperature increase on the order of thousands of degrees Celsius. CHAPTER TWO Theory: Archimedes’ Principle states that any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force with magnitude equal to the weight of the weight of the fluid displaced by the object: B = Ï fluid Vfluid g , where Ï fluid is the density of the fluid and Vfluid is the volume of the displaced fluid. In this lab, all the forces and weights are measured in the unit of grams using the triple beam balance, then the above equation becomes: B = Ï fluid Vfluid . When measuring the weight of an object completely submerged in a fluid,the volume of the displaced fluid is equal to the volume of the object, and the reading on the balance ( Win-fluid), the buoyant force, and its weight in air (Win-air) should satisfy the following equation: B = Win-air – Win-fluid = Ï fluid Vobject . Thus, the volume of the object can be determined as: Vobject = (Win-air – Win-fluid)/ Ï fluid , and the density and the specific gravity of the object are, respectively: Ï object = Win-air / Vobject = Ï fluid Win-air / (Win-air – Win-fluid), s.g. = Ï object / Ï water . Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: where Ï  is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. From this equation, mass density must have units of a unit of mass per unit of volume. As there are many units of mass and volume covering many different magnitudes there are a large number of units for mass density in use. The SI unit of kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m ³) and the cgs unit of gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm ³) are probably the most common used units for density. (The cubic centimeter can be alternately called a millilitre or a cc.) 1000kg/m ³ equals one g/cm ³. In industry, other larger or smaller units of mass and or volume are often more practical and US customary units may be used. See below for a list of some of the most common units of density. Further, density may be expressed in terms of weight density (the weight of the material per unit volume) or as a ratio of the density with the density of a common material such as air or water. Measurement of density The density at any point of a homogeneous object equals its total mass divided by its total volume. The mass is normally measured with an appropriate scale or balance; the volume may be measured directly (from the geometry of the object) or by the displacement of a fluid. For determining the density of a liquid or a gas, a hydrometer or dasymeter may be used, respectively. Similarly, hydrostatic weighing uses the displacement of water due to a submerged object to determine the density of the object. If the body is not homogeneous, then the density is a function of the position. In that case the density around any given location is determined by calculating the density of a small volume around that location. In the limit of an infinitesimal volume the density of an inhomogeneous object at a point becomes: Ï (r)= dm/dV, where dV is an elementary volume at position r. The mass of the body then can be expressed as Density of solutions The density of a solution is the sum of mass (massic) concentrations of the components of that solution. Mass (massic) concentration of a given component Ï i in a solution can be called partial density of that component. Expressed as a function of the densities of pure components of the mixture and their volume participation, it reads: Density of composite material In the United States, ASTM specification D792-00[11] describes the steps to calculate the density of a composite material. where: Ï  is the density of the composite material, in g/cm3 and Wa is the weight of the specimen when hung in the air Ww is the weight of the partly immersed wire holding the specimen WbÏ  is the weight of the specimen when immersed fully in distilled water, along with the partly immersed wire holding the specimen is the density in g/cm3 of the distilled water at testing temperature (for example 0.9975 g/cm3 at 23  °C) common units The SI unit for density is: kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m ³) Litres and metric tons are not part of the SI, but are acceptable for use with it, leading to the following units: kilograms per litre (kg/L) grams per millilitre (g/mL) metric tons per cubic metre (t/m ³) Densities using the following metric units all have exactly the same numerical value, one thousandth of the value in (kg/m ³). Liquid water has a density of about 1 kg/dm ³, making any of these SI units numerically convenient to use as most solids and liquids have densities between 0.1 and 20 kg/dm ³. kilograms per cubic decimetre (kg/dm ³) grams per cubic centimetre (g/cc, gm/cc or g/cm ³) megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m ³) Specific gravity is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density (mass of the same unit volume) of a reference substance. Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the reference substance. The reference substance is nearly always water for liquids or air for gases. Temperature and pressure must be specified for both the sample and the reference. Pressure is nearly always 1 atm equal to 101.325 kPa. Temperatures for both sample and reference vary from industry to industry. In British brewing practice the specific gravity as specified above is multiplied by 1000.[1] Specific gravity is commonly used in industry as a simple means of obtaining information about the concentration of solutions of various materials such as brines, hydrocarbons, sugar solutions (syrups, juices, honeys, brewers wort, must etc.) and acids. Specific gravity, as it is the ratio of densities, is a dimensionless quantity. Specific gravity varies with temperature; reference and sample must be compared at the same temperature, or corrected to a standard reference temperature. Substances with a specific gravity of 1 are neutrally buoyant in water, those with SG greater than one are denser than water, and so (ignoring surface tension effects) will sink in it, and those with an SG of less than one are less dense than water, and so will float. In scientific work the relationship of mass to volume is usually expressed directly in terms of the density (mass per unit volume) of the substance under study. It is in industry where specific gravity finds wide application, often for historical reasons. True specific gravity, can be expressed mathematically as: where is the density of the sample and is the density of water. The apparent specific gravity is simply the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of sample and water in air: where represents the weight of sample and the weight of water, both measured in air. It can be shown that true specific gravity can be computed from different properties: where is the local acceleration due to gravity, is the volume of the sample and of water (the same for both), is the density of the sample, is the density of water and represents a weight obtained in vacuum. API Gravity 1. API gravity represents a dimensionless property similar to specific gravity. The measure itself derives from specific gravity (see Reference 3): API = (141.5 / SG) – 131.5. Note that because specific gravity appears in the denominator of the equation, API gravity and specific gravity exhibit an inverse relationship: A liquid with high specific gravity will exhibit low API gravity and vice-versa CHAPTER THREE EXPERIMENTATION The experiment carried under room temperature at 34oC, was aimed at determining the density/specific gravity of five varying samples (PMS, DPK, Crude Oil, PKO, and Soap Solution) using two different measuring apparatus; a weighing balance and a measuring cylinder applying the Archimedes principle of floatation to obtain values in ml and then subsequently in grams. PROCEDURE 1. The weights (sliders) on the beam of the weighing balance apparatus was set to zero before measurements. A dry empty pycometer was then placed on the scale pan to obtain its weight for which results were recorded after careful observations of the beam’s calibrations in grams. 2. The weight was determined by locking three different sets of weights (sliders) on their respective number-calibrations (in grams), for which the beam was balanced. The values which these weights rested on at beam-balance were then added up to give the mass of the empty pycometer. 3. The weights on the beam were set back to zero and the pycometer lifted off the pan to restart the process but this time to measure the mass of the pycometer filled with a sample; DPK in this case. 4. 50 milliliters of DPK was measured with a cylinder and poured into the pycometer, then corked with a small glass-like capillary tube. A small volume of the liquid sample (DPK), which was spilled as a result of the pressure from corking the pycometer, was noted as negligible. The DPK-filled pycometer; a combined weight of both the pycometer and the DPK fluid, was then placed on the pan scale for the second time to acquire readings in grams. 5. The same method for measurement, as explained in the earlier paragraphs, was used to accurately determine the mass of the DPK-filled pycometer and then subsequently recorded. The above elaborated procedures for the determination of were further carried out for three more samples; PMS, Crude Oil, and PKO to determine their masses. First, the masses of the empty pycometers were measured, followed by the combined masses of the pycometers and samples and then subsequently, the individual masses of the fluid samples were calculated. In the supplementary method involving the application of the Archimedes principle of floatation – 1. The measuring cylinder was filled with water and the initial volume was observed and recorded. A piece of string was then tied around a dry empty pycometer and attached to the retort stand so that it dropped directly into the measuring cylinder enough to submerge itself in the containing water so that the volume increased. The new volume of water was then noted and recorded in milliliters. The difference between the initial volumes of the water before the introduction of the empty pycometer and after the submergence of the pycometer was also calculated and recorded in grams as the mass of the empty pycometer.

Aerotoxic Syndrome

For the operation of any aircraft, there are a huge number of materials that are used and contain significant toxicities, with some hazardous ingredients. These materials need care, as some of the unwanted exposure either short term or long term may be induced some symptoms of toxicity’s toxicity indicates the possibility of the discrete occupational health condition due to the leakage of engine oil, jet fuel and seal failure etc. and additional the lower oxygen level in the cabin of planes flying at altitude, known as Aerotoxic syndrome (Michaelis, 2016). This report outlines the nature of Aerotoxic Syndrome that may affect the health of the crew member and passengers as well as affecting the stakeholders as a business point of view. The report also describes the controversies related to this syndrome and the potential solutions. It also identifies the appropriate measures to risk control regarding Aerotoxic Syndrome. The Aerotoxic Syndrome causing an effect like memory loss, blurred vision, nausea, as in flights the cabin crew and the passengers can be directly showing to touch chemicals on aircraft can produce symptoms of toxicity for a long term. The symptoms related to aerotoxic include neuropsychological effects and chemical intoxication (Hocking, 2005). Aerotoxic Syndromes presents noteworthy issues and can be directly or indirectly effects on the stakeholders of the airline industries, the following points describe the problematic effects on the stakeholders- The stakeholders want to achieve the desired goal of the business with the support of healthy staff. When the staff member is not healthy and effective, it’s not an easy for the stakeholders to run their business smoothly and profitably (Hocking, 2005). The airline stakeholders suffer from an Aerotoxic syndrome due to its ill effects that create an unhealthy environment for a business. The important effect on the stakeholders, due to the aerotoxic syndromes is that it affects the airline image in the market. When the pilots and cabin crew members are incapable of performing his duty during emergencies due to the Aerotoxic syndrome it may affect the image of the airline business and to the stakeholders (Ramsden, 2014). The staff members of the airlines are always worried regarding the job security, as at present Aerotoxic syndrome is a hidden problem and there are few cases that are going on in the court, little amount of compensation has been given to the airline workers affected by the syndromes (Parsons, 2011). The situation has become critical for the stakeholders regarding the job security of the workers. There is controversy over the existence of Aerotoxic Syndrome, this term and illness has been not recognized medically. The main controversy is related to the bleed-air, as all the commercial planes except Boeing uses the bleed- air system for the air breathed by the crew members and the passengers. During flight and the crew is polluted by the low-level concentration of poisonous chemicals that are coming from the engines, and this air have been blamed for causing Aerotoxic syndromes in number of pilots and the cabin crew members (Ramsden, 2014). However, the airline industry claims that there is no evidence of any connection The effective and potential solutions are needed for the controversies. Every airline company has to establish and understand a relation between exposure and chronic ill health. It is impossible in the absence of routine air quality monitoring on commercial planes and to determine about the chemicals enter the cabin and in what quantity. Hence, the better solution is to understand and have knowledge about the exposure occurrence and at which level of this exposure can be improved (Hocking, 2005). It is better to identify the hazards or the side effects of the Aerotoxic syndrome. After the identification of the hazards, it becomes easy to measure the risk control process. It is important to estimate the risk level of the syndrome and their acceptability due to containing air toxic chemicals, seal leakage problem and so on. Risk evaluation is used as a priority action by the airline industry to control the problem of the Aerotoxic syndrome and to minimize health risks (Ramsden, 2014). The airline should take proper actions when their staff members request and give indications of Aerotoxic syndrome and they may be not able to fly. The actions taken by the airlines will be beneficial for their business growth as well as it may increase the faith and loyalty of the staff over airline industry. Ensure the staff members that the management takes care and concern about their health issues. The company tries to improve the quality of engines with effective new technologies. A less toxic oil formulation would be applied for the improvement of air chemicals.   Hocking, M. (2005).  Air quality in airplane cabins and similar enclosed spaces. Berlin: Springer. Michaelis, S. (2016). O27-3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Aerotoxic syndrome – fact or fallacy?  Occupational And Environmental Medicine,  73( 1), 51.-53. Parsons, P. (2011). Economic consequences of ignorance about aerotoxic syndrome.  Journal Of Biological Physics And Chemistry,  11(4), 208 Ramsden, J. (2014). Is there such a thing as aerotoxic syndrome?.  JBPC,  14(4), 113-116.

Insurance and Cancer Survival Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Insurance and Cancer Survival - Essay Example When they issue the first policy, the first premiums are usually high since that is the period that the insurance company has the greatest risk. Most cancers have lower risks of coming back when more time goes. The cancer patient often has to talk over the case with their insurance company, which can explain how it will personally affect the cancer patient. When the cancer patient already had a life insurance policy before they were diagnosed with cancer, the insurance company ought to tribute it as normal if the patient were honest about the medical history when they took the policy. The cancer patient might find it quite challenging to increase the value of his policy for some time (Fesen, 2009).  It will be easier for the patient to do this than begin a new insurance policy after the cancer diagnosis. If the cancer patient may wish to increase his cover, he could ask his adviser o how to use the option of â€Å"special event†. Some insurers provide this, but not all of it. This means that the cancer patient can increase the cover without underwriting, considering some events that takes place in his life, for example, moving house, marriage or birth of a

Rhetorical Analysis Essay(William Gibson-cyberpunk) Essay

Rhetorical Analysis (William Gibson-cyberpunk) - Essay Example According to Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, Gernberk’s stories were described as ‘hackneyed adventure tales in which heroes outfitted in dubious space metal wrecked alien words and rescued space maidens’ (New Grolier Multimedia encyclopedia 112). The popularity of the Amazing stories led to new entrants in the 1920s and 1930s to include, Science wonder stories, Wonder stories and Astounding stories. It was Campbell’s work which gave a credible representation of science fiction on how technology has an impact on individuals as well as their cultures through complex narrative techniques as well as exhaustive approaches to subject matters. His works have been regarded as the golden age of science fiction under which science fiction writers such as Robert A. Heinlein, Theordore Sturgeon and Isaac Asimov flourished. Major themes of science fiction are listed by Grolier as robots, alternate worlds, faster- than- light travel, the seeding of the galaxies by the humans and aliens and its many astonishing consequences and the full range of possibilities presented by the nuclear power. The impact of technology on everyday lives and on the planet’s fate became more dominant in science fiction from the 1950s onwards. Most notable development was the New Wave associated with authors such as Brian Aldiss and J.G Ballard whose focus was on topical issues such as environmental depletion, urban overcrowding, and how technology relates to drug abuse, crime and sexuality. The new wave in some aspects introduces cyberpunk’s attention to the impact of technology on the present no less than on the future an important component which features in William Gibson’s works and his contemporaries – that of computer technology. This continuous intermingling of reality and fiction has depicted science fiction as a means of sharpening the awareness of a people to their reality by de-familiarizing it through imaginations and fantasies (Heuser

Enterprise Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enterprise Project Management - Assignment Example At such a point, the PMOs opt to use Scrum itself to sprint the PMO. Planning monthly and conducting daily scrums like all the other teams. The community of practice is that group that involves the like-skilled individuals who have the ability to build the high performance work groups .Such groups are based on the collaboration and facilitation that best apply in the project management. One of the most significant things that the PMO should do is to help in support the formation of such communities and then promote them. For that reason, communities of practice help in spreading Scrum throughout the organization. These groups also help in spreading all the good ideas from one team to the other (Pries & Quigley, 2012). Most PMOs are not fully implemented or even fail to get configured after sometime. In the process of changing the environment, the organization needs to see the results fast before starting a long term investment in a new PMO. When one starts reconfiguring the PMO, the set standards helps in planning and scheduling the progress and deviations of the projects. The tools necessary for enabling the PMO and other significant managers in the project environment helps to examine capabilities and potentialities as well as supervise the available resources and implement the operational planning and support activities such as training program management applications (Pries & Quigley, 2012). 2(b) The PMO is committed to the pursuit of excellence in all the project management practices. While ensuring that the project performance contributes to improving business performance, this will be carried out as the component of the PMO charter that requires to be clearly confirmed. For that reason, if the business intention of the PMO is not clearly stated, the PMO is viewed as the ad hoc attempt in fixing a temporary situation in the project

The Shaper of Medieval Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Shaper of Medieval Civilization - Essay Example The Church, and specifically its monasteries, helped in this regard by making "translations and compilations" of Classical works and by the "books collected and copied by monks and nuns," all of which "kept intellectual life from dying out completely in the Early Middle Ages (Perry 212). After Romes fall, the Church "assumed many political functions formerly performed by the Roman state" (Perry 212). Even during invasions by Germanic tribes which ruined a lot of things, the Churchs monks continued to teach "a higher morality," which both "tamed the warrrior habits of the Germanic people" and preserved "some of the high culture of Greece and Rome" (Perry 212). This was most highly seen by the Churchs influence on the Frankish Empire, which at one point occupied the majority of Europe. Since Clovis converted to Roman Christianity, "the Franks became a potential ally of the papacy" (Perry 215). With the rise of Charlemagne, this potential became reality, as the conqueror was "crowned ... Emperor of the Romans" in 800 AD by the pope at the time, Leo III (Perry 217). As the primary source for Chapter 9 shows, Charlemagne was not exactly an ignorant warrior and nothing else. Einhard describes the emperor as deriving "much pleasure from the works of St. Augustine, especially from his book called The City of God" (Einhard). The fact that he could read St. Augustine also shows that he spoke and read Latin, something Einhard confirms when he says the emperor "took pains to learn foreign languages, acquiring such knowledge of Latin that he could make an address in that language as well as in his own," and in fact could even understand Greek (Einhard). Clearly, then, Charlemagne was extraordinarily influenced by the Church and its messengers towards learning. Presumably because of his own reading and learning, the emperor was also supportive of education in general. He

BORDER SECURITY ISSUES RESEARCH PROJECT # 4 Essay

BORDER SECURITY ISSUES RESEARCH PROJECT # 4 - Essay Example Te terrorists view this as the only easiest route to gaining easy entry into the United States for their terrorist missions. There are four main reasons for the immigration of terrorist groups into Mexico. One key reason of relocation of terrorist groups’ members to Mexico is because of the inability of the security authorities in Mexico to secure some parts of the country and its borders. Another key reason for settlement of terrorist groups in Mexico is because of the country’s proximity to the United States. Thus, it is easy for the terrorist groups to send their members on terrorist missions in the United States. The existence of drugs and weapons smuggling cartels along the Amexica border is another reason for settlement of terrorist groups in Mexico (White, 2013). This is because terrorist groups can use these cartels to smuggle deadly weapons in the United States. Lastly, the porous border of the United States and Mexico has attracted terrorist organizations to Mexico as this gives them the opportunity to sneak in and out of the United States and research on their targets. America had to establish a department for homeland security after the attacks that took place in 2011. It was one of the best ways that the government wanted to protect the citizens from attacks by terror groups. From the past political scenes on news, it is evident that the homeland department has worked with many other countries such as Mexico. As a result, most security agencies in Mexico are now vigilant when it comes to preventing terrorist activities. They conduct frequent border patrols on either sides of the border to arrest unlawful immigrants. The United States also uses drones to monitor the Amexica porous border. Mexican authorities have countered interaction between terrorists and smuggling cartels by arresting leaders of the

Ulcers and You Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ulcers and You - Research Paper Example Proteins comprise of amine and the acid groups in their structures. If a protein-rich food for instance, fish overstays under unfavorable conditions of temperature and pressure, the amino acid structures in it may alter and become toxic. The non-fresh foods jeopardize the gastric system and might worsen with time. Dr Heddy’s family situation might have incorporated the consumption of toxins on the non-fresh fish. Dr Heddy should know the causes and remedies of ulcers before taking the kids to the hospital. Ulcers closely relate to the colitis, an infection characterized by swellings in the large intestine wall. Ulcers and colitis possess a critical relationship since they are both result from the gastrointestinal wall infections. This exercise will employ the logic to describe the scientific reasoning behind the stomach infections. The ethos will strive to impart an absolute understanding of the topic amongst the audience. The emotional involvement will attain a consideration since the matter affects an individual’s family. Causes of Ulcers Ulcers are caused by bacterial infections that compromise the structure of the internal lining of   digestive tract. The bacteria can reach the stomach when the food consumed by an individual contains the bacteria or its eggs. The digestive tract comprises of the esophagus, the duodenum and the stomach. The esophagus is the path followed by the food taken into the stomach. The duodenum refers to the region between the esophagus and the stomach. The bacterium responsible for the ulcer development in an individual is called helicobacter pylori. The bacterium has the capacity to habit the stomach lining and administers its effects on the stomach walls. The bacteria infect the stomach walls and multiply to increase its chances of survival. The condition can also result from the intake of drugs, which are nonstreidal, and averts inflammations such as asprin and nuprin. The drugs disable the functionality of the go blet cells to secrete the mucus on the duodenal and the stomach linings. Once there are inadequate amounts of mucus in the tract walls, the hydrochloric acid and the digestive juices corrode the stomach walls. The corrosion then results into inflammations and wounds. Consumption of hot and spicy foods may also increase the amounts of the acids in the stomach enhancing the intensity of the hydrochloric acid actions on the gastric mucosa. There are other causes of ulcers such as smoking, alcohol and caffeine, which there will be no emphasis on in this scenario. The significance of focusing on the other causes is because Dr Heddy’s family developed the stomach problems after the consumption of food they expected of being stale. Symptoms of Ulcers The condition victims experience severe abdominal pains around the navel and the breastbone. The victims may also vomit foods they eat and intensive nausea. Among children, a significant weakness may be experienced because of anemia. Th e pains encountered emanate from the inflammations and the sores in the stomach. Diagnosis of Ulcer Endoscopy This invasive test entails insertion of a long-narrow tube through the mouth to the esophagus. The tube runs through duodenum and into the stomach. The tube is fitted with a sharp light and a camera. The tube examines the walls and detects the presence of the helicobacter pylor

Terra cycle Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Terra cycle - Movie Review Example On the other hand, there is a challenge of hiring fresh graduates because they have to learn practically everything before they can be assigned any responsibilities, which may prove to be time consuming or expensive for the company. Further, the fresh graduates lack any experience on the job, implying that they lack the technical know how to handle situations or drive processes. Such experience, according to the vice-president, human resources, is vital in the running of any company, and is practically what the fresh graduates’ lack. Entrepreneurs ought to give freedom to their workers, which spur creativity among the employees. In addition, the environment should be created conveniently such that workers learn and develop their skills with time, which proves that the experience is worthwhile. Workers need to learn people skills and professional skills, which make them attached to their jobs and feel like they indeed own it. On the other hand, it is imperative that employers make the working environment friendly, satisfy their employees, and provide avenues through which disputes can be amicably resolved. This is the genesis of friendly working environments in the workplace. Small companies do not have any advantage over the big companies in providing an employee friendly environment. It would be plausible to state that the size of the organization does not matter, what is most important is the conditions under which the employees work under. Such an environment is only determined by the values and attitudes embraced by the managers, and not necessarily on the magnitude of the business that they work in. Employees who work in bigger companies possess an advantage over their counterparts, to the extent that they are not subjected to stern supervision, which hinders creativity and individual performance of the employee. The risks of

Plans and direct actions Essay Example for Free

Plans and direct actions Essay A church leader knows how to plan and direct actions to avoid any mistakes being made. He formulates and deploys plans to achieve objectives – he directs the work accordingly until it finishes. He creates different questions in his mind; for example, what to do, why to do it, when to do it, how to do it, who to do, and how to finish it. A church leader’s plans are simple, people who work as group members and other people who follow him understand his plans clearly. He forms teams and give them duties so that they can work with authority and responsibility. He makes rules that people accept to follow. The God wants a church leader to share His vision with his team members and people. A good church leader knows how to put the God given plan into practice. A church leader is the person who influences his team members and leads team members to carry out the agreed objectives, by following the example of the Christ. People under him follow his way of life; a church leader gets people to act on church and mission goals, and he also ministers the need of people. A Church leader humbly realizes that he needs Gods help and needs it in developing good plans that will work for others. These working plans then successfully meet the desired goals. A church leader does not build plans for other people to merely honor them, but he does it for the good of his people with everlasting results. UNCHANGED LOYALTY A church leader demonstrates loyalty that never changes. A church leader is faithful to his promises and duties. He never finds fault in his job; people respect him as a man of God living among them. A church leader gives his life to Gods mission and purpose and spends his entire life doing it. Loyalty being a leadership quality, a church leader is always loyal to God and his people. A church leader needs loyalty to start and grow a church or group. A loyal church leader is the base of a healthy church to grow and a key element for a church to produce other churches. A church leader influences others in his ministry through his loyalty to Jesus Christ as the Savior and Lord. A loyal church leader produces loyal members he starts and finishes his job with his team very well. A successful Christian leader is always keen and willing to work with a community or groups. He has a strong desire to develop community services together. USE OF GOD’S GIFTS God has gifted all people with different abilities and characteristics. Nowadays, this divine gift directs people to serve churches, as ushers, church school teachers, financial officers, directors of food pantries, youth leaders, and in so many other roles. It all starts with gifts, which can be utilized in a variety of ways. Gifts are given by the God to everyone. The God doesn’t limit the gifts to his people, so we shouldn’t limit leadership to others. The potential to lead by using gifts for enabling others in ministry does not requires intelligence, education, economic status, age, gender, or any other human distinction. â€Å"Children and youth, as well as adults, all are gifted. Women and men, boys and girls have all been gifted which they can use in leadership of a church. It does not mean, however, that everyone should be an administrator of a church†. Gifts are several and of different nature, the variety of these gifts is much greater than churches usually realize. There are many gifts beyond the gifts that are usually used in preaching, teaching, and committee work. If one is to use all God given gifts for his leadership within a church, he/she must discover that wide range of gifts, and welcome the spirit to employ them. It is not always an easy task for a human to identify gifts since gifts have strange way of hiding themselves, particularly from those people who hold them. God’s given gifts are so much a part of our personality that people not likely to think of them as gifts. For example, if a person is a good organizer, he must recognize this specialty and take it as a gift given by God. As God’s gifts are discovered by interacting with others. However, discovering gifts is not enough because many people use there gifts haphazardly, with no attention to their development. God’s given gift’s effectiveness can be significantly enhanced through intentional development of them. For example, if a person with natural painting ability can choose not to practice or take lessons and keep his ability as hobby and keeps his gift undefined from being fully utilized for service. The church leaders provide opportunities to people for training and development of Gods given gifts. They are intentional about using these gifts of children and youth in future leadership. The church leaders encourage their members to affirm and identify one another’s gifts. People discover and experiments their gifts in an atmosphere of acceptance provided by the church leader. A church leader expands his understanding in order to be comprehensive and not neglect people’s gifts.

Tata Motors Going Global Essay Example for Free

Tata Motors Going Global Essay TATA Motors-International Business Indian Automobile Industry Hailed as ‘the industry of industries’ by Peter Drucker, the founding father of the study of  management, in 1946, the automobile industry had evolved continuously with changing timesfrom craft production in 1890s to mass production in 1910s to lean production techniques in the1970s. The automotive industry in India grew at a computed annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11. 5 percentover the past five years, the Economic Survey 2008-09 tabled in parliament on 2 nd July’09 said. The industry has a strong multiplier effect on the economy due to its deep forward and backwardlinkages with several key segments of the economy, a finance ministry statement said. The automobile industry, which was plagued by the economic downturn amidst a credit crisis,managed a growth of 0. 7 percent in 2008-09 with passenger car sales registering 1. 31 percentgrowth while the commercial vehicles segment slumped 21. 7 percent. Indian automobile industry has come a long way to from the era of the Ambassador car to Maruti800 to latest MM Xylo. The industry is highly competitive with a number of global and Indiancompanies present today. It is projected to be the third largest auto industry by 2030 and just  behind to US China, according to a report. The industry is estimated to be a US$ 34 billionindustry. Indian Automobile industry can be divided into three segments i. e. two wheeler, three wheeler four wheeler segment. The domestic two-wheeler market is dominated by Indian as well asforeign players such as Hero Honda, Bajaj Auto, Honda Motors, TVS Motors, and Suzuki etc. Maruti Udyog and Tata Motors are the leading passenger car manufacturers in the country. AndIndia is considered as strategic market by Suzuki, Yamaha, etc. Commercial Vehicle market iscatered by players like Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland, Volvo, Force Motors, Eicher Motors etc. The major players have not left any stone unturned to be global. Major of the players have gotinto the merger activities with their foreign counterparts. Like Maruti with Suzuki, Hero withHonda, Tata with Fiat, Mahindra with Renault, Force Motors with Mann. Key Facts: †¢ India ranks 12th in the list of the worlds top 15 automakers †¢ Entry of more international players †¢ Contributes 5% to the GDP †¢ Production of four wheelers in India has increased from 9. 3 lakh units in 2002-03 to 23lakh units in 2007-08 †¢ Targeted to be of $ 145 Billion by 2016 †¢ Exports increased from 84,000 units in 2002-03 to 280,000 units in 2007-08 TATA Motors-International Business Submitted by: Sameer, Sohail, Sankar, Himanshu, Arun Page 5 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis of Indian Automobile Sector1. Industry Rivalry †¢ Industry Concentration: The Concentration Ratio (CR) indicates the percent of market share held by a company. A high concentration ratio indicates that a high concentration of market share is held bythe largest firms the industry is concentrated. With only a few firms holding a largemarket share, the market is less competitive (closer to a monopoly). A low concentrationratio indicates that the industry is characterized by many rivals, none of which has asignificant market share. These fragmented markets are said to be competitive. If rivalryamong firms in an industry is low, the industry is considered to be disciplined †¢ High Fixed costs When total costs are mostly fixed costs, the firm must produce capacity to attain thelowest unit costs. Since the firm must sell this large quantity of product, high levels of  Ã‚  production lead to a fight for market share and results in increased rivalry. The industry istypically capital intensive and thus involves high fixed costs †¢ Slow market growth In growing market, firms can improve their economies. Though the market growth has  been impressive in the last few years (about 8 to 15%), it takes a beat in even slighteconomic disturbances as it involves a luxury good. Aggressive pricing is needed tosustain growth in such situations †¢ Diversity of rivals: Industry becomes unstable as the diversification increases.

Criminological Theories of Terrorism

Criminological Theories of Terrorism ORIGIN Terrorism has occurred throughout history for a variety of reasons. Its causes can be historical, cultural, political, social, psychological, economic, or religious-or any combination of these. Some countries have proven to be particularly susceptible to terrorism at certain times, as Italy and West Germany were during the 1970s. Terrorist violence escalated precipitously in those two countries for a decade before declining equally dramatically. Other countries, such as Canada and The Netherlands, have proven to be more resistant, and have experienced only a few isolated terrorist incidents. In general, democratic countries have provided more fertile ground for terrorism because of the open nature of their societies. In such societies citizens have fundamental rights, civil liberties are legally protected, and government control and constant surveillance of its citizens and their activities is absent. By the same token, repressive societies, in which the government closely monitors citizens and restricts their speech and movement, have often provided more difficult environments for terrorists. But even police states have not been immune to terrorism, despite limiting civil liberties and forbidding free speech and rights of assembly. Examples include Russia under tsarist rule and the Communist-ruled Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as the Peoples Republic of China, Myanmar, and Laos. In broad terms the causes that have commonly compelled people to engage in terrorism are grievances borne of political oppression, cultural domination, economic exploitation, ethn ic discrimination, and religious persecution. Perceived inequities in the distribution of wealth and political power have led some terrorists to attempt to overthrow democratically elected governments. To achieve a fairer society, they would replace these governments with socialist or communist regimes. Left-wing terrorist groups of the 1960s and 1970s with such aims included Germanys Baader-Meinhof Gang, Italys Red Brigades, and the Weather Underground in the United States. Other terrorists have sought to fulfill some mission that they believe to be divinely inspired or millennialist (related to the end of the world). The Japanese religious cult Aum Shinrikyo, responsible for a nerve gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995 that killed 12 people, falls into this category. Still other terrorists have embraced comparatively more defined and comprehensible goals such as the re-establishment of a national homeland (for example, Basque separatists in Spain) or the unification of a divided nation (Irish nationalists in Northern Ireland). Finally, some terrorists are motivated by very specific issues, such as opposition to legalized abortion or nuclear energy, or the championing of environmental concerns and animal rights. They hope to pressure both the public and its representatives in government to enact legislation directly reflecting their particular concern. Militant animal rights activists, for example, have used violence against scientists and laboratory technicians in their campaign to halt medical experimentation involving animals. Radical environmentalists have sabotaged logging operations and the construction of power grids to protest the spoiling of natural wilderness areas. Extremists who oppose legalized abortion in the United States have attacked clinics and murdered doctors and other employees in hopes of denying women the right to abortion. Â  [2]Â   More than 2, 000 years ago the first known acts of what we now call terrorism were perpetrated by a radical offshoot of the Zealots, a Jewish sect active in Judea during the 1st century ad. The Zealots resisted the Roman Empires rule of what is today Israel through a determined campaign primarily involving assassination. Zealot fighters used the sica, a primitive dagger, to attack their enemies in broad daylight, often in crowded market places or on feast days-essentially wherever there were people to witness the violence. Thus, like modern terrorists, the Zealots intended their actions to communicate a message to a wider target audience: in this instance, the Roman occupation forces and any Jews who sympathized or collaborated with the invaders. Between 1090 and 1272 an Islamic movement known as the Assassins used similar tactics in their struggle against the Christian Crusaders who had invaded what is today part of Syria. The Assassins embraced the same notions of self-sacrifice an d suicidal martyrdom evident in some Islamic terrorist groups today. They regarded violence as a sacramental or divine act that ensured its perpetrators would ascend to a glorious heaven should they perish during the task. Â  [3]Â   THEORIES OF TERRORISM THE POLITICAL THEORY OF ANARCHISM AS A THEORY OF TERRORISM Terrorism is most definitely not a form of governance, but anarchism is. Most anarchists reject terrorism in its vanguard varieties (for nationalist or religious purposes), but in a theoretical sense, anarchism justifies terrorism as a form of criminal action that attacks the values of an organized, complacent society. Anarchism is a theory of governance that rejects any form of central or external authority, preferring instead to replace it with alternative forms of organization such as shaming rituals for deviants, mutual assistance pacts between citizens, syndicalism (any non-authoritarian organizational structure that gives the greatest freedom to workers), iconoclasm (the destruction of cherished beliefs), libertarianism (a belief in absolute liberty), and plain old rugged individualism. Anarchism is often referred to as the nineteenth century roots of terrorism, the term first being introduced in 1840 by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Anarchism definedis the rejection of the state, of any form of coercive government, of any form of domination and exploitation. It is the notion of free and equal access to all the worlds resources to enable positive freedom (freedom to) in place of negative freedom (freedom from, or the basis of most constitutional rights). THE POLITICAL THEORY OF FASCISM AS A THEORY OF TERRORISM Fascism is the one form of government with the most disagreement about a definition for it. The word comes from the Latin fasces which means to use power to scare or impress people. It generally refers to the consolidation of all economic and political power into some form of super-patriotism that is devoted to genocide or endless war with ones enemies. Benito Mussolini, who practically invented the term in 1922, said it is the merger of state and corporate power. Mussolinis version of fascism was based on the idea of an indomitable power and an attempt to resurrect imperial Rome. Adolf Hitler said fascism is the clever and constant application of propaganda so that people can be made to see paradise as hell, and the other way around. Hitlers brand of fascism drew upon philosophical reflections by Hegel, Nietzsche, and Spengler, and also drew upon Nordic folk romance from Wagner to Tacitus. Japanese fascism involved racism, fanaticism, historical destiny, and a mixture of Bushido, Ze n and Shinto Buddhism, emperor worship, and past samurai legends. THE PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY OF RELIGION AS A THEORY OF TERRORISM More than one criminologist has pointed out that the disciplines of theology, religion, and philosophy have had important things to say about terrorism (Stitt 2003; Kraemer 2004). It is also a fact that about a quarter of all terrorist groups and about half of the most dangerous ones on earth are primarily motivated by religious concerns (Hoffman 1993). They believe that God not only approves of their action, but that God demands their action. Their cause is sacred, and consists of a combined sense of hope for the future and vengeance for the past. Of these two components, the backward-looking desire for vengeance may be the more important trigger for terrorism because the forward-looking component (calledapocalyptic thinking, or eschatology) produces wild-eyed fanatics who are more a danger to themselves and their own people. The trick to successful use of terrorism in the name of religion rests upon convincing believers or convertees that aneglected dutyexists in the fundamental, m ainstream part of the religion. Religious terrorism is therefore, NOT about extremism, fanaticism, sects, or cults, but is instead all about a fundamentalist or militant interpretation of the basic tenets. Evil is often defined as malignant narcissism from a theological point of view, and religion easily serves as moral cover for self-centred terrorists and psychopaths (Stitt 2003). Religion has always absorbed or absolved evil and guilt in what is called theodicy, or the study of how the existence of evil can be reconciled with a good and benevolent God. Most religions theodicize evil away as either: (1) a test of faith; (2) a product of free will; (3) part of Gods plan; or (4) functional to let people learn right from wrong; and terrorists easily make use of these established theodicy or critiques of them (Kraemer 2004). THE ECONOMICS THEORY OF RATIONAL CHOICE AS A THEORY OF TERRORISM The discipline of economics has many concepts that are relevant to an understanding of terrorism supply and demand costs and benefits, etc. Fully-developed economic or econometric models of terrorism are quite rare, however, and often involve such things as psychic costs and benefits (Nyatepe-Coo 2004). More down-to-earth economic theories can be found in the literature ondeterrence. Rational choice theory, in particular, has found a place in criminology, and holds that people will engage in crime after weighing the costs and benefits of their actions to arrive at a rational choice about motivation after perceiving that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss. THE GLOBALIZATION THEORY OF TERRORISM Nassar (2004) has probably written the most interesting piece on globalization theory as it relates to terrorism, and although his ideas are fairly critical of the U. S. for exporting nightmares as well as dreams, he does provide a robust introduction to the complex topic of globalization. Globalization contributes to dreams, fantasies, and rising expectations, but at the same time, it leads to dashed hopes, broken dreams, and unfulfilled achievements. Terrorism breeds in the gap between expectations and achievements. The thinking is very similar to strain theory in criminology or the rising expectations theory of prison riots, and about the only thing unique about globalization theory is that it adds a rich-poor dichotomy. Rich people (or nations) are seen as wanting power and wealth, and poor people (or nations) are seen as wanting justice. From this perspective, then, rich people are part of the causal factor or root cause of terrorism, since they contribute to the conditions whic h give rise to it. Perpetrators of terrorism (always treated as an ill-defined concept in globalization theory) are never seen as born or raised with any specific predispositions toward it. In brief, globalization theory holds that if the oppressed and disgruntled poor people of the world were simply given the chance to find peaceful means for achieving justice, terrorism would not thrive. SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF TERRORISM Modern sociological perspectives are primarily concerned with the social construction of fear or panic, and how institutions and processes, especially the media, primary and secondary groups, maintain that expression of fear. Labeling theory in criminology, for example, is a social constructionist viewpoint that, in my opinion, goes about reconnecting consequences with causes in a way that is less systematic than the way functionalists did it a long time ago. Some societies become softer targets after terrorism (especially after short-term target hardening), and other societies become stronger in the long term. It depends upon interaction patterns, and stabilities and interpenetrations among the structural subsystems (economy, polity, religion, law). PSYCHIATRIC THEORIES OF MENTAL ILLNESS AS A THEORY OF TERRORISM The leading exponent of the terrorist-as-mentally-ill approach is Jerrold Post (1984; 1990), who has gone on record saying that the most dangerous terrorist is likely to be a religious terrorist, and that all terrorists suffer from negative childhood experiences and a damaged sense of self. His analysis of the terrorist mindset (a word that substitutes for terrorist personality, and technically means a fixed mental attitude or inclination) draws upon a view of mental illness that compels, or forces, people to commit horrible acts. It should be noted that we know from criminal justice that this is not the only possible view on mental illness. More crazy people come into contact with the law through sheer folly and foolishness than a compulsion their mental illness made them have. Post (1990) makes a somewhat neo-Freudian distinction between terrorists who desire to destroy the nation, or world, of their fathers and those who desire to carry on the mission, or world, of their fathers. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF TERRORISM David Hubbard (1983) was one of the first biological researchers of terrorism, and his line of work is similar to the familiar cycle of violence hypothesis in criminal justice. In this view, people who commit repetitive and cyclical acts of violence (which would include wife beaters, rapists, and serial killers) are driven by hormonal or neurochemical fluctuations in their body or brain chemistry. Three compounds, in particular, have been singled out as having abnormal levels among terrorists: norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and endorphins. Of these, norepinephrineis suspected as being the most influential, as it is associated with the so-calledflight or fight mechanismin human biology. The theory of fight or flight was developed by W. B. Cannon back in 1929, and refers to a state of arousal under stress in which the heart, lungs, and muscle operate more efficiently. As it applies to terrorism (and crime), the behavioral requirements of such activities (fighting exhilaration before an event, and fleeing manipulation of audience after an event) produce a syndrome of physiological need for arousal at fairly regular intervals. Motives for terrorism appear to be quite stable when the biological viewpoint is taken, and it is possible to link a variety of aspects in the typical terrorist profile with biological factors. TRADITIONAL CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES APPLIED TO TERRORISM Its not easy applying traditional criminological theories to terrorism. Most of these theories were designed to explain ordinary street crime like robbery or burglary, and have a certain hardiness to their perspectives which makes them difficult to extend. Ruggiero (2005) is typical of those who have attempted to apply such theories or suggest various extensions, starting with Durkheims functionalism by asking whether Durkheim would see terrorism as part of the normality of crime or as part of a clearly unacceptable, dysfunctional form of crime. On the one hand, Durkheim said that all crime serves positive functions (of innovation and evolution), but on the other hand, the organic metaphor that Durkheim used seems to suggest that some forms of crime only cause disintegration and are cancerous. The Chicago school of disorganization in criminology would presumably focus on the distinctiveness of different social worlds between terrorists and non-terrorists, analyzing the communication blockages, for example. Strain theorists would likely argue that terrorism is inevitable as a manifestation of the broken promise that everybody can rise from rags to riches, and study the adaptation Merton described as rebellion. Learning theorists would likely emphasize the importance of role models or the techniques of neutralization involved along with the drift into a terrorist lifestyle. Labeling theorists would probably say, cynically but truly, that terrorism is what the other person does. Control theorists would likely focus on terrorists being unattached, unloved, uncommitted to education or business, uninvolved in conventional tasks, and having their hands idle so time becomes the devils playground for them. Conflict theorists would probably focus on the presence or absence of associations that provide room for collective action and permanent confrontation, although more radical versions of conflict theory might glamorize terrorism as proto-revolutionary action. Integrat ed theories would likely focus on the influences of aggressive proneness, provocation, and the support of third parties. THEORIES UNIQUE TO DOMESTIC TERRORISM Freilich (2003) does a good job of reviewing the theories in this category, a relatively small area of research which tends to be studied within a field called the sociology of social movements. There are three groups of theories. The first is called economic/social integration theory, and it holds that high concentrations of farming, economic depression, and social disorganization are all related to high levels of domestic terrorist activity, militia movements in particular. In some varieties, it tends to be a kind of farm crisis or agrarian reform theory frequently used by those who study the Latin American context. The second theory is called resource mobilization theory, and it suggests that states which are more prosperous and socially integrated would tend to develop more domestic terrorist activity, on the basis that group competition for power and resources becomes intense. The third group of theories are called cultural theories, and propose that states experiencing greater cultural diversity and female empowerment along with increasing paramilitarism are likely to develop greater levels of domestic terrorist activity. In terms of research findings, more empirical support seems to exist for the third set of theories (at least according to Freilich 2003), although resource mobilization theory tends to dominate the theoretical literature. Also in general, there is more empirical support for the idea that domestic terrorism more often plagues richer and affluent nations than poor ones. Â  [4]Â  

Thurgood Marshall Essay examples -- History Lawyer Marshall Biographie

Thurgood Marshall After the Reconstruction period, African Americans had won freedom and no longer were seen as processions of the whiteman, although, something even more evil existed, segregation. This problem made life for many black people an ever-continuing struggle. Black people were forced to attend separate schools, churches, hotels, and even restaurants. At the time, white males dominated the work force and many African Americans rarely found well paying jobs. The court system judged people of color more harshly than people of white skin, which led to unfair sentences and lynchings. A lynching is when a person is hanged or executed without a trial; they were very common during this time period. African Americans could only take so much of this, they cried out against the unequal ways that white people practiced. Foundations were formed to aid these people and bring justice to the society they were living in. The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) was probably th e most significant of these foundations. This was the same organization that Thurgood Marshall became the leading lawyer of. Thurgood Marshall was born in the year of 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland. He was prepped and raised by his mother, Norma Arica Marshall, and his father, William Canfield Marshall. Thurgood's mother was one of the first African Americans to graduate from Colombia University and his father was the first black person to serve on Baltimore's grand jury in the...

Alls Fair in Love and War Essay -- American International Relations

Today’s society, so focused on defining, coveting, attaining, protecting and fighting for freedom and justice globally, still always seems to fall short. While the majority of American’s would agree that they live in a generally free country, there will always be those who demand even more freedoms. Abraham Lincoln called on poet John Lydgate’s now famous words, succinctly stating, â€Å"†¦you can’t please all the people all the time.† Never has a phrase been truer than in these times. For along with the people’s cries for freedom and justice, they still want to maintain their right to bear arms and freedoms of speech and expression. While each of these things in and of themselves seem harmless and basic, trying to balance them all together gets tricky, and sometimes dangerous. Where does the balance lie to keep the peace and protect our country? Can we really maintain just our own borders and not be concerned with the lands beyon d? In Arundhati Roy's "Come September," she recounts atrocities of passing decades, including those against the Palestinians and Japanese, to highlight war's failures, forgetting that in America there is an innate responsibility to do whatever is necessary, including war, to maintain democracy, to ensure freedom and justice within, and to limit the spread of injustice and tyranny to countries unable to fight for themselves. Roy details the suffering the Palestinian people have endured not only to survive, but to even be recognized as a people. Giving a generalized history of Israel and Palestine, she details conflict and ongoing violence in the pursuit of their homeland. While this is not a battle that America seems to be involved with, it is fairly well known that the United States gives a sign... ...ther countries affect our own. As the world evolves and grows, there will continue to be conflict, but hopefully along the way there will be more education and all will learn from mistakes of the past. One day we may be able to mutually think outside the box and avoid many conflicts altogether. Until then, the United States must maintain our own democracy, ensure freedom and justice within our own borders, and go beyond those borders when needed to prevent injustices to those countries unable to fend for themselves. Works Cited Roy, Arundhati. â€Å"Come September.† Reading the World: Ideas that Matter. Ed. Michael Austin. New York: Norton, 2007. 254-266. Print. Amnesty International Public Statement. AI Index: MDE 15/033/2005 (Public). News Service No: 134. 23 May 2005.

The United States as a Global Police Force :: International Police Force

If you had to choose a nation to take on the power of protecting the world basically as a global police force who would you choose to take on this big responsibility? Well most of the countries are choosing the U.S. well the troops feel different on this topic they feel like it is not our duty to try and solve everyone else’s problem. They also need to help with issues that this is needed and we are the best trained and best equipped to react to any scenario. Because the united states is making two new brigades that are trained to resolve issues without violence and to depend more on social skills but still trained well enough to fight in a pinch, and we have thousands of troops deployed already as peacekeepers which are basically global police. So we already have a start on the job but what about the cost who is gonna even the costs so we arent losing money. But is the cost of all this worth it the cost of human lives worth everyone elses protection how do the men in unifor m feel about being a global cop when there country is not in harm some of them feel like this â€Å"troops have a hard time dealing with the fact that their missions represent no clear threat to our national interests making it more difficult for them to be separated from their families for long periods of time†. (O’Meara) As stated before some soldiers feel this is not there job they did not join the military to be a cop they joined to be a soldier and protect their freedom no one elses. They think that a global police force would be a good thing but they want it to be a job you sign up for cause they just want their freedom to be protected cause they think it is not what they signed on for. The reason in the past 20-25 years this has become a big deal because of the past terrorist attacks, so they want to keep the terrorist groups under control. The next issue that came up is our defense budget, if we became the global police force then it would cost us a lot of money like it already does â€Å"the U.S. defense debt is more than $280 billion more than $1000 for every man, woman, and child in the united states†.

Marketing Channel Analysis

The furniture industry is a very lucrative business that spans domestic and international markets. With that fact in mind, it goes without saying that different channels of distribution exist with regards to delivery of furniture from manufacturer to consumer. Furniture manufacturers who target the domestic market segment have three (3) major marketing distribution channels: (1 ) Through online shopping portals, (2) through public showrooms in malls, and (3) through prouder by catalogue. Online shopping portals.With the rise of the digital age, the use of the net is to just limited to advertisements, but has transcended to become a means of direct shopping via the Internet. Online shopping portals like Amazon . Com, Testamentary. Com, and Alabama. Com are just some of the mediums widely used by consumers to buy an assortment of products suitable to their needs. The success of online shopping portals can be attributed primarily to its wide reach of consumers and its ease of access-?on e click away as long as internet is available.However, this also means that a lot of choices are available for consumers to choose from prompting companies to always try to innovate ND improve on product designs and concept. Also, customer feedback and satisfaction is difficult to track. Internet traffic and thousands of mail per day are difficult are problems to be addressed. Public showrooms in malls and buildings. Public showrooms are one of the most known venues for selling furniture.It is very effective for selling because it exhibits the products in actual with tasteful arrangements while you sell. Customers are able to see for themselves the quality of the product and be active in choosing process before buying. However, public showrooms tap sees consumers than online shopping portals. This goes without saying that people in the immediate area are the primary consumers of the furniture. Prouder via Catalogues.Some companies use catalogues in selling their products wherein con sumer choose a product of their choice and place an order by giving the item name of what they are going to buy. It is then delivered to them after a time at their doorstep.

Evaluating a Company’s Budget Procedures Essay

capital of Illinois Corporation operates on a calendar-year basis. It begins the annual ciphering process in late August, when the electric chair establishes sends for the total dollar gross revenue and the interlocking income before taxes for the next year.The gross revenue bottom is given to the Marketing Department, where the trade director formulates a gross gross sales calculate by product gunstock in both(prenominal) units and dollars. From this budget, sales quotas by product line in units and dollars be established for each(prenominal) of the corporations sales districts.The selling theatre director also estimates the cost of the market activities required to support the target sales volume and prep bes a tentative marketing expense budget. The executive evil chairperson uses the sales and returns targets, the sales budget by product line, and the tentative marketing expense budget to peg down the dollar amount that preserve be given up to manufactu ring and corporate expenses, and consequently forwards to the doing Department the product-line sales budget in units and the total dollar amount that can be devoted to manufacturing.The production manager meets with the factory managers to develop a manufacturing protrude that will produce the required units when undeniable within the cost constraints set by the executive vice president. The budgeting process unremarkably comes to a halt at this come out because the Production Department does not recollect the financial resources allocated to be adequate.When this standstill occurs, the vice president of finance, the executive vice president, the marketing manager, and the production manager meet to determine the final budgets for each of the res publicas. This normally results in a modest increase in the total amount available for manufacturing cost, magic spell the marketing expense and corporate location expense budgets are cut. The total sales and net income figures pr oposed by the president are seldom changed. Although the participants are seldom cheering with the compromise, these budgets are final. Each executive then develops a new detailed budget for the operations in his or her area.none of the areas has achieved its budget in recent years. sales often run below the target. When budgeted sales are not achieved, each area is expected to cut costs so that the presidents lucre target can still be met. However, the profit target is seldom met because costs are not cut enough. In fact, costs often run above the superior budget in all functional areas. The president is disturbed that capital of Illinois has not been able to meet the sales and profit targets. He hired a consultant with considerable experience with companies in Springfields industry. The consultant reviewed the budgets for the past four years. He concluded that the product-line sales budgets were bonny and that the cost and expense budgets were adequate for the budgeted sal es and production levels.

Marketing Mix Essay

incomingCompanies today try their best to continue to preserve up with the changes of goods, products and technology. Companies rely on their abilities in market to keep consumers interested in their products and serve. The success of a disassociateicipation may rely on the partys marketing performance. merchandise planning starts by thinking of the tar bring outed consultation needs, strategies, and the development of the products and or helper needed. Developing a marketing strategy go out consist of the marketing riffle. The marketing unite is the strategical plan that defines the telephoners over all told guardianship and accusings. (Armstrong & Kotler, 2011) elan will be used as an example as to how they implement the marketing mix to their comp any. dashs overall mission and objective is To be No. 1 in providing a simple, instant, enriching and productive client experience. (Sprint, 2012) The marketing mix includes the quartet Ps (elements) of marketing. Th e four Ps ar product, place, pricing, and promotion. To better explain how the four Ps maneuver in a company we will mind how Sprint applies the four Ps to their company.Frist P constituent ProductsSprint is constantly trying to keep up with the technology changes to ensure customer satisfaction. Sprint is maven of the premier wireless earmarkrs for smart tele shout sets in the US. (Sprint, 2012) Sprint cells top of the line call backs and ph sensation run for residential customers as swell up as caper customers. Sprint is non limited to precisely immature products or service, but to enhance products or run that be already established as well. venders decisions on products argon based on the nature of what the customers needs are.For Sprint to doctor sure they are listening to their customers and to live on what their needs are they leave blogs and chatting sessions on their website where everyone from customers to employees digest share their comments, ideas , suggestions and opinions about improving products and services that are already established. Improvements can consist of phones to be competent to handle more information or in the altogether technology added to the phones. Improvements can likewise be as simple as color or size. Decisions on products are to a fault by the stoogeed customer (younger=texting abilities, quondam(a)=tracking system for their children, oldest=being fit to implement the subprograms on the key pad). Improvements may also be a wider dictate of service handiness for fewer calls dropped.Second P part broadcastWhere can Sprint be accessible to their targeted audience? Sprint makes themselves avail satisfactory through their website, kiosks in malls, as well as local Sprint stores. tout ensemble places provide the phones and services needed. Not only rhythmic customers are targeted, transactiones are targeted as well. Sprint offers plans for caperes which provide packages which consist of sev eral phones on one plan. The business plans are specifically designed to make it easier to transfer daily business transactions. The store supplies physical person-to-person people for those customers who prefer the person-to-person interaction. The store also provides a hands-on scenario where customers are free to nip at the phones and see what they look, sound and feel like.The store provides a comfortable opportunity for the customers to make a personal educated choice. On the other hand, Sprint also provides their website. Sprints website provides a wider range of phone choices (new and used), wide range of services (phone service, wireless service, etc.) and for customers that need to take up question, Sprint provides online help (chat session, liaison numbers, website links). The kiosk is just a convenience catcher. It is in a mall in hopes that a flitting by customer will catch a glimpse of the products and be curious enough to stop, necessitate questions and possibl y purchase a product on their counselling to another store.The store, website and kiosk are designed to give the customers all the tools and information needed to make the best choice for their personal or business needs. Sprint prides itself to making sure all their bases are covered and provides total accessibility to their customers in nightclub to provide them with quick and convenient service available. In marketing a place is also know as the warehouse where, in this case, Sprint houses their phones for diffusion so it is available for its customers.Third P Element PricingPricing is a crucial part of the four Ps. Price is also considered a tensile marketing mix element. Marketers must consider the research, development, and services when pricing. In addition, marketers have to think about the how their company will worth their products and services based on how much they will spend on deception and how competitors are pricing the same products and services. Customers are an of the essence(predicate) thought in the pricing process as well because they are the ones that are going to make the revenue for the company. Marketers are also at the lenity of the economy they will have to charge starting time enough to get a good number of customers and gain a profit, but no minor enough that they will get financially lessened in the process.Producing the right or good charge for products and or services a company efficiency have to consider redesigning products and services that may already exist. Sprint dexterity offer better phones at a lower service plan or a better service with less expensive plan. Many times Sprint offers free phones to get new customers to purchase their service plan. Customers are apt(p) several options so that they do not feel like they are trapped picking a plan that does not accommodate their needs.Fourth P Element advancementThe last element is promotion. Promotion means activities that communicate the merits of the p roduct and persuade target customers to purchase it.(Armstrong &Kotler, 2011) This element is the one that helps with enticing the customers to buy their products and services. Promotions are done in numerous ways. ship canal of promotion may include, but are not limited to, deals, discount rates, discounts and internet sales. Deals are short-term price reductions, third estately used to increase trial among authorisation customers or to retaliate against a competitors action. (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius, 2011) Deals and discounts are a very super C way of promotion. Al closely all retailers use deals in order to bring in existing, as well as, new customers. Sprint sometimes will have deals where you can add a particular indication to your phone service like texting. These deals go on for a particular amount of time just so you can try it for a discounted price in hopes to get you to purchase the feature.One common promotion that Sprint offers is rebates. Sprint gives out rebat e promotions on some of their phones. A rebate, for example, is when a phone is purchased and the company (like Sprint) is willing to give you a grammatical constituent or all of the money you paid for the phone for using their service. You will not be able to buy a phone without the service in order to get the rebate. At times the rebate is wedded when trying a new phone that they are piloting. Internet promotions are another way of getting people to buy products and services. Although Sprint is over both the store and the websites, they were able to provide in store special promotions that customers were not able to hold online.The same went for their website they were able to provide online specials that were not given in the store. Most of the time the promotions were on phones customers were able to purchase phones with a special on service or customers were able to purchase phones that have been refurbished or used. These particular internet promotions were not available if the customer went to the store and said that they saw the promotion online and ask if the store would honor it. Unfortunately, the answer to the customers question would be no.ConclusionThe four Ps serve as the four of import parts of the marketing mix. As shown each one of them has an individual function. Each element is equally weighty on its own as well as a whole of the marketing mix. All of the elements are an effective part of a successful gang. The combination consists of reaching the customers needs and wants and the companys ability to produce revenue and profits. The four P elements of the marketing mix is one of the most crucial parts of a companys marketing today and it proves to be a s complicated at times. At times, not all customers will be satisfied and the company might suffer a loss but the crowning(prenominal) goal is to be successful by any means using the help of the four Ps.ReferencesArmstrong, G. & Kotler, P. (2011). Marketing An Introduction. (10th ed.). Upper SaddleRiver, NJ Prentice dormKerin, R. A., Hartley, S. W. & Rudelius, W. (2011). Marketing (10th ed.). New York, NYMcGrawHillSprint.com (2012) About Sprint. Retrieved on declination 20, 2012 fromhttp//www.sprint.com/about/

Behavioral Statistics

lookers move in this token break down were arouse in evaluating whether fooling interpose consisting of alter feedback dismiss be use in the decrease of intoxicantic drink plague amongst college old disciples. Research consisted of cellular inclusion of mental ability on personalize feedback of histrions touch on in the study. Methods of manifestation utilise in the investigate were instrumentalists, measures, procedures, and results.Participants were precondition the luck to figure in pre- discussion judgement and randomization, diverse conditions of feedback, a work through assessment, and probability for compensation. The dense imbibition of whatever students r to each onees levels of clinical entailment (Wechsler 3).In the research, statistical components bodied consisted of summarisation of participants inebriant addiction habits, how each individual participants drinkable use of goods and services comp atomic number 18s to campus normativ es, didactics pertaining to bloodline intoxicant meanness (BAC), and love of calories consumed from inebriant binging. Face-to-face,computerized, and controlled, represented the feedback conditions employ by researchers. These bar were meant to break test copy as to whether a heavy(a) contrariety is achieved amid those who are assign the assistant of a clinician, a computerized feedback form, or plainly the option of responding to a change feedback form. Researchers conclude that the personal uncertain on with the computerized handling variant some(prenominal) succeeded evenly in assisting in alcohol use of goods and services reduction, exclusively awarded a ignore well-heeled asperity to the face-to-face interjection, bandage thecontrol condition, however, flagged potty both. Results deemed picture alcohol intervention with college student drinkers via computerized intervention an efficacious weapon in the slew of alcohol abhorrence among the demographic. industrial plant Cited Weshsler, H. and T. F. Nelson. What We suck lettered From the Harvard develop of creation health College alcoholic drink moot pore perplexity on College learner intoxicant pulmonary tuberculosis and the environmental Conditions That kindle It. ledger of Studies on alcohol and Drugs 2008 69(4) 481-490.